Drugs / Epinephrine
Epinephrine
DrugEpinephrine (adrenaline) is an adrenergic agonist medication used for emergency and acute conditions including anaphylaxis, cardiac arrest, severe asthma/croup settings, and superficial bleeding. It can be administered by multiple routes including intramuscular and intravenous routes, and intranasal formulations are also approved. It is prescription-only in major regions.
- Trials
- 469
- Recruiting
- 33
- Completed
- 285
- With results
- 110
Last revised
Pipeline
Phase by status
| Phase | Recruiting | Not yet | By invitation | Active | Completed | Terminated | Withdrawn | Suspended | Unknown | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Early Phase 1 | 1 | 1 | — | 2 | 4 | — | 1 | — | 1 | 10 |
| Phase 1 | — | — | — | 1 | 16 | 2 | — | — | 2 | 21 |
| Phase 1/2 | 1 | — | 1 | — | 10 | 2 | 1 | — | 2 | 17 |
| Phase 2 | 4 | 4 | — | 1 | 28 | 7 | — | — | 6 | 50 |
| Phase 2/3 | 3 | — | 1 | — | 7 | 1 | — | 1 | 3 | 16 |
| Phase 3 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 22 | 1 | 2 | — | 4 | 37 |
| Phase 4 | 15 | 5 | — | 2 | 99 | 12 | 8 | — | 21 | 162 |
| Not applicable | 5 | 6 | 1 | 3 | 94 | 6 | 5 | — | 29 | 149 |
| Unknown | — | — | — | — | 5 | — | — | — | 2 | 7 |
Trials started per year
Conditions studied, by phase
| Condition | Early Phase 1 | Phase 1 | Phase 1/2 | Phase 2 | Phase 2/3 | Phase 3 | Phase 4 | Not applicable | Unknown | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pain, Postoperative | 1 | 2 | 1 | 11 | 3 | 3 | 25 | 20 | 1 | 67 |
| Pain | 1 | — | 2 | 5 | 1 | 5 | 17 | 11 | 1 | 43 |
| Agnosia | — | 2 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 6 | 11 | 7 | 1 | 34 |
| Heart Arrest | — | 1 | — | 3 | 1 | 3 | 2 | — | 3 | 13 |
| Osteoarthritis, Knee | — | — | — | 1 | — | 1 | 7 | 4 | — | 13 |
| Anaphylaxis | — | 4 | 2 | 1 | — | — | 3 | 1 | — | 11 |
| Hemorrhage | — | 1 | — | 1 | 2 | — | 2 | 5 | — | 11 |
| Osteoarthritis | — | — | 1 | — | — | 2 | 5 | 3 | — | 11 |
| Hypotension | — | — | 1 | 2 | — | — | 2 | 5 | — | 10 |
| Bronchiolitis | — | — | — | 1 | 1 | — | 3 | 4 | — | 9 |
Most active sponsors
| # | Sponsor | Trials | Phase 3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Assiut University | 8 | 2 |
| 2 | Amphastar Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | 7 | 2 |
| 3 | Cairo University | 7 | 2 |
| 4 | Wake Forest University Health Sciences | 7 | 2 |
| 5 | Chinese University of Hong Kong | 5 | 2 |
| 6 | Mayo Clinic | 5 | 0 |
| 7 | Pacira Pharmaceuticals, Inc | 5 | 2 |
| 8 | Seoul National University Hospital | 5 | 1 |
| 9 | Indiana University | 4 | 0 |
| 10 | Nasus Pharma | 4 | 1 |
Most studied interventions
| # | Intervention | Trials |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Epinephrine | 469 |
| 2 | Bupivacaine | 101 |
| 3 | Lidocaine | 94 |
| 4 | Ropivacaine | 66 |
| 5 | Saline Solution | 41 |
| 6 | Sodium Chloride | 41 |
| 7 | Ketorolac | 34 |
| 8 | Carticaine | 33 |
| 9 | Dexamethasone | 32 |
| 10 | Morphine | 26 |
Evidence
- Results reported
- 38.6%110 of 285 completed
- Published
- 15.1%43 of 285 completed
- Primary endpoint met
- 25%17 of 68 analyses
- Median months to report
- 15
Documents disclosed
Trial profile
- Median enrollment
- 70
- Median duration
- 16months
- Countries
- 57
- Study sites
- 682
Who is enrolled
Median enrollment by phase
- Early Phase 1
- 66
- Phase 1
- 36
- Phase 1/2
- 34
- Phase 2
- 77
- Phase 2/3
- 100
- Phase 3
- 106
- Phase 4
- 69
- Not applicable
- 70
- Unknown
- 160
Where trials run
Busiest cities
| # | City | Country | Trials |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Cairo | Egypt | 16 |
| 2 | New York | United States | 12 |
| 3 | Houston | United States | 11 |
| 4 | Seoul | South Korea | 9 |
| 5 | Toronto | Canada | 9 |
| 6 | Columbus | United States | 7 |
| 7 | Asyut | Egypt | 6 |
| 8 | Baltimore | United States | 6 |
| 9 | Boston | United States | 6 |
| 10 | Montreal | Canada | 6 |
Terminations
- Terminated
- 31
- Withdrawn
- 17
- Suspended
- 1
- Stopped for recruitment
- 2.6%12 of 469 trials
Stated reasons
Reasons are grouped from the sponsor's own wording with a rule-based classifier; the original text is shown below.
Recently stopped
| Trial | Status | Stated reason | Stopped |
|---|---|---|---|
| NCT06447194 Withdrawn | Withdrawn | Study was not feasible due to logistical and implementation challenges. No participants were enrolled and the study will not proceed further. | 2027-04-01 |
| NCT06264596 Withdrawn | Withdrawn | Study never started. PI is leaving institution. | 2026-08-31 |
| NCT04635176 Terminated | Terminated | The study has been stopped due to logistical reasons at the clinical site. | 2026-05-27 |
| NCT05972681 Terminated | Terminated | Difficulty with enrollment | 2025-10-19 |
| NCT05327556 Terminated | Terminated | Funding constraints | 2025-05-16 |
| NCT05355597 Terminated | Terminated | Physician left institution | 2025-03-24 |
| NCT06047366 Terminated | Terminated | Student PI is preparing for graduation and cannot complete the study as planned. | 2024-05-15 |
| NCT05260008 Terminated | Terminated | Based on positive data from the dose-ranging portion of the study, Sponsor decided as of May 28, 2024 not to move forward with the previously designed global ATX101-TKA-003 study. | 2024-01-15 |
| NCT04814433 Terminated | Terminated | Both lack of enrollment as well as study staff turnover | 2023-07-10 |
| NCT04148261 Withdrawn | Withdrawn | Principal Investigator left lab before study start | 2022-12-31 |
Trial records
Individual study records live on ClinicalTrials.gov. A sample of the trials counted above: